Daily vertical distribution of zooplankton in two oligo-mesotrophic north Patagonian lakes (39° S, Chile) / Distribuição vertical diária do zooplâncton em dois lagos oligo-mesotróficos ao norte da Patagônia (39º S, Chile)

Abstract The zooplankton communities often exhibit daily vertical migrations to avoid natural ultraviolet radiation and/or fish predation. However there is no information on this topic in Chilean North Patagonian lakes up to date. Therefore, this study deals with a first characterization of plankton crustacean daily vertical migration in two temperate, oligotrophic lakes (Villarrica and Panguipulli lakes, 39°S) in Southern Chile. Zooplankton were collected at different depths intervals (0-10m, 10-20 m, 20-30m, 30-40m) at early morning, middle day, evening and night in the studied site. The results revealed that zooplankton species (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus, and Tropocyclops prasinus) are abundant in surface zones at night, early morning and evening, whereas at middle day the zooplankton abundances are high at deep zones. The results agree with observations for Argentinean and North American lakes where these daily migration patterns in crustacean zooplankton species were reported due mainly natural ultraviolet radiation exposure, whereas for northern hemisphere lakes the vertical migration is due to combined effect of natural ultraviolet radiation and fish predation exposure.

Resumo As comunidades zooplanctônicas frequentemente exibem migrações verticais diárias para evitar a radiação ultravioleta natural e/ou a predação de peixes. No entanto, não há informações sobre esse tema em lagos chilenos no norte da Patagônia até a presente data. Portanto, este estudo trata de uma primeira caracterização da migração vertical diária de crustáceo planctônico em dois lagos temperados e oligotróficos (lagos Villarrica e Panguipulli, 39º S) no sul do Chile. O zooplâncton foi coletado em diferentes profundidades (0-10 m, 10-20 m, 20-30 m e 30-40 m) no início da manhã, ao meio-dia, à tarde e à noite no local estudado. Os resultados revelaram que as espécies de zooplâncton (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus e Tropocyclops prasinus) são abundantes nas zonas de superfície à noite, de manhã cedo e à tarde, enquanto, ao meio-dia, as abundâncias do zooplâncton são altas nas zonas de profundidade. Os resultados expostos corroboram as observações para outros lagos argentinos e da América do Norte, onde foram reportados esses padrões de migração diária em espécies crustáceas de zooplâncton por causa, principalmente, da exposição à radiação ultravioleta natural, enquanto, para lagos do hemisfério norte, a migração vertical se dá em razão do efeito combinado da radiação ultravioleta natural e exposição à predação.

Daily vertical distribution of zooplankton in two oligo-mesotrophic north Patagonian lakes (39° S, Chile).

The zooplankton communities often exhibit daily vertical migrations to avoid natural ultraviolet radiation and/or fish predation. However there is no information on this topic in Chilean North Patagonian lakes up to date. Therefore, this study deals with a first characterization of plankton crustacean daily vertical migration in two temperate, oligotrophic lakes (Villarrica and Panguipulli lakes, 39°S) in Southern Chile. Zooplankton were collected at different depths intervals (0-10m, 10-20 m, 20-30m, 30-40m) at early morning, middle day, evening and night in the studied site. The results revealed that zooplankton species (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus, and Tropocyclops prasinus) are abundant in surface zones at night, early morning and evening, whereas at middle day the zooplankton abundances are high at deep zones. The results agree with observations for Argentinean and North American lakes where these daily migration patterns in crustacean zooplankton species were reported due mainly natural ultraviolet radiation exposure, whereas for northern hemisphere lakes the vertical migration is due to combined effect of natural ultraviolet radiation and fish predation exposure.

Daily vertical distribution of zooplankton in two oligo-mesotrophic north Patagonian lakes (39° S, Chile)

Abstract The zooplankton communities often exhibit daily vertical migrations to avoid natural ultraviolet radiation and/or fish predation. However there is no information on this topic in Chilean North Patagonian lakes up to date. Therefore, this study deals with a first characterization of plankton crustacean daily vertical migration in two temperate, oligotrophic lakes (Villarrica and Panguipulli lakes, 39°S) in Southern Chile. Zooplankton were collected at different depths intervals (0-10m, 10-20 m, 20-30m, 30-40m) at early morning, middle day, evening and night in the studied site. The results revealed that zooplankton species (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus, and Tropocyclops prasinus) are abundant in surface zones at night, early morning and evening, whereas at middle day the zooplankton abundances are high at deep zones. The results agree with observations for Argentinean and North American lakes where these daily migration patterns in crustacean zooplankton species were reported due mainly natural ultraviolet radiation exposure, whereas for northern hemisphere lakes the vertical migration is due to combined effect of natural ultraviolet radiation and fish predation exposure.

Resumo As comunidades zooplanctônicas frequentemente exibem migrações verticais diárias para evitar a radiação ultravioleta natural e/ou a predação de peixes. No entanto, não há informações sobre esse tema em lagos chilenos no norte da Patagônia até a presente data. Portanto, este estudo trata de uma primeira caracterização da migração vertical diária de crustáceo planctônico em dois lagos temperados e oligotróficos (lagos Villarrica e Panguipulli, 39º S) no sul do Chile. O zooplâncton foi coletado em diferentes profundidades (0-10 m, 10-20 m, 20-30 m e 30-40 m) no início da manhã, ao meio-dia, à tarde e à noite no local estudado. Os resultados revelaram que as espécies de zooplâncton (Daphnia pulex, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Neobosmina chilensis, Mesocyclops araucanus e Tropocyclops prasinus) são abundantes nas zonas de superfície à noite, de manhã cedo e à tarde, enquanto, ao meio-dia, as abundâncias do zooplâncton são altas nas zonas de profundidade. Os resultados expostos corroboram as observações para outros lagos argentinos e da América do Norte, onde foram reportados esses padrões de migração diária em espécies crustáceas de zooplâncton por causa, principalmente, da exposição à radiação ultravioleta natural, enquanto, para lagos do hemisfério norte, a migração vertical se dá em razão do efeito combinado da radiação ultravioleta natural e exposição à predação.

Expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and subtype 5 in thyroid malignancies.

AIM: To retrospectively analyse the expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 (SSTR 2) and 5 (SSTR 5) in thyroid malignancies, possibly the most relevant subtypes for targeted therapy with somatostatin peptide radioligands. In addition, findings were also correlated with the course of disease. PATIENTS, METHODS: 87 consecutive patients (59 women, 28 men) with thyroid malignancy were included; 52 had papillary carcinoma, 24 follicular carcinoma, six medullary carcinoma, two poorly differentiated carcinoma and three anaplastic carcinoma. After initial therapy 70 (80.5%) patients showed complete remission, 11 (12.6%) patients partial remission with clinical and biochemical signs of residual disease and six (6.9%) patients progressive disease. The immunohistochemical staining results of the primary malignancy for SSTR 2 and SSTR 5 were semiquantitatively assessed and correlated with various outcome parameters. RESULTS: In 10 of 87 (11.49%) thyroid cancer samples SSTR 2 showed positive immunohistochemical expression as compared to 75 of 87 (86.20%) for SSTR 5. All SSTR 2-positive cases expressed SSTR 5. Persistent or recurrent disease was found in 17 of 87 cases (19.54%). Fifty percent (6 /12) of SSTR 5-negative patients showed persistent disease as compared to 14.7 % (11 / 75) of SSTR 5-positive patients: seven of these were exclusively SSTR 5-positive, 4 showed dual expression of SSTR 5 and SSTR 2 (p = 0.01). No case showed only SSTR 2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: SSTR 5 was shown to be the main receptor subtype in the analysed differentiated or anaplastic thyroid malignancies, whereas SSTR 2 was found only in a small percentage. Deficient SSTR expression may indicate higher risk for persistent or recurrent disease after initial therapy. For this reason immunohistochemistry can be considered a prognostic marker which should be further validated in prospective studies.

Identification of the copepod intermediate host of the introduced broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum, in Southern Chile.

The broad fish tapeworm, Diphyllobothrium latum, is an exotic species in both Chile and Argentina, and until now, its copepod host has remained unknown in South American waters. The objective of this study was to identify calanoid copepod species that may be intermediate hosts for D. latum in Lake Panguipulli, Chile. In this lake, the highest levels of infection by this tapeworm occur in the introduced rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Of the 2 calanoid copepods found in Lake Panguipulli, Diaptomus diabolicus and Boeckella gracilipes, only D. diabolicus became infected on experimental exposure to coracidia. Prevalence (mean intensity) of experimental infection in adult copepods was 73.2% (2.8 procercoids per host). Diaptomus diabolicus has been demonstrated to be a new intermediate host; this is the first record of a copepod host for D. latum in South America.